From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry)
Immigration from the West Indies to Kentucky, USA [1860]
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* Cuba and Puerto Rico had not abolished slavery by 1860 as the plantation economy in the West Indies was declining.
* April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865. The U.S. Civil War. Approximately 2 million men fought in the U.S. Civil War. Over 100,000 were from Kentucky, which included the second highest number of African Americans to serve in the Union Army, 23,703. There are no firm figures for those from the West Indies who served during the U.S. Civil War. SOURCE: American Civil War, a Britannica web page (online).
* January 1, 1863. U.S. President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation granting freedom to enslaved Africans held in the states that rebelled against the U.S. This did not include Kentucky. SOURCE: The Emancipation Proclamation, a National Archives webpage (online).
* July 4, 1864. Immigration Act of 1864. The law was to legalized labor recruitment from abroad to encourage immigration to the United States. The law established the Bureau of Immigration that was to be responsible for increasing voluntary immigration and collecting immigration and labor statistics. The law was repealed in 1868. It was the only act the Federal government ever passed to encourage immigration. SOURCE: Immigration History: Immigration Act of 1864, an Immigration History webpage (online).
* December 6, 1865. The 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude in the U.S. This included the freedom for the enslaved who had been brought to Kentucky from the West Indies. Kentucky rejected the 13th Amendment, though enough states had ratified the amendment to grant freedom to all who had been enslaved, including those in Kentucky. March 18, 1976, Kentucky symbolically ratified the 13th Amendment. SOURCE: Lincoln, Congress, and Emancipation edited by Donald R. Kennon, Paul Finkelman.
* July 9, 1868. The 14th Amendment was ratified, granting citizenship to all who were born or naturalized in the United States. Kentucky rejected the 14th Amendment, though enough states had ratified the amendment and all who were born or naturalized in the United States were granted citizenship, including those in Kentucky. March 18, 1976, Kentucky symbolically ratified the 14th Amendment. SOURCE: Amendment XIV: citizenship for all by Jeff Hay.
* In 1860, there were about 34 persons in the U.S. Census who were born in the West Indies and living in Kentucky. Some of their names are below. Slave owners are noted with (S.O) written in bold letters. The notation (CHILD) is also used to note children working as domestics or living in Kentucky with someone other than their parents.
NAMES:
Racheal Bailey (b.1830), enumerated as white and born in the West Indies. She was the wife of Charles F. Bailey who was from Canada. The couple lived in Louisville, KY (Jefferson County). Rachael Bailey was a widow by 1867.
Leah Bernal (b.1794), see in 1850 above.
Sarah Berthoud (1778-1865), see in 1850 above.
Louis Frederic Gustave Bouscaren (1840-1904), Georgena Bouscaren (1843-1932), and Margaret Bouscaren (b.1844), the siblings were enumerated as white and born in Guadeloupe. They were the children of Gustavus and Lise Bouscaren. The family lived in Grant County, KY. They arrived in the United States in 1850 and are enumerated in Kentucky in the 1860 U.S. Census. Louis Frederic Gustave Bouscaren served in the Union Army during the U.S. Civil War. He was a civil engineer. He was the husband of Helen Lincoln Bouscaren. In 1880, the family lived in Belleview, KY (Boone County), and in 1900 they lived in Cincinnati, OH. Georgena Bouscaren lived with her brother Louis and his family. Louis F. G. Bouscaren died in Ohio and is buried in Cincinnati. Georgena Bouscaren would become a Sister at the Monastery of the Visitation in Bethesda, MD. Georgena Bouscaren is buried in Washington, D.C.
Victor Gabriel Gustavus Bouscaren (1807-1872) and Lise Cécile Adelaide Bouscaren (1812-1877), both were enumerated as white and born in Guadeloupe. The couple lived in Grant County, KY. Gustavaus was a farmer. The family arrived in the United States in 1850 and are enumerated in Kentucky in the 1860 U.S. Census. There were eleven people in their household. Lise Bouscaren died and is buried in Grant County, KY.
Jane Gilmore Condor (1841-1920), see in 1850 above.
(CHILD) Jack Crusader (b.1848), enumerated as white and born in St. Thomas. He was a 12 year old boy employed as a domestic with the Charles Helm family in Newport, KY (Campbell County).
James C. Cunningham (1787-1877), see in 1850 above.
James R. Cunningham (1853-1943), enumerated as Mulatto and free born in the Bahamas. He was the son of James and Lucy Cunningham. The family of six was free in Kentucky. They lived in Louisville (Jefferson County) in 1860. In 1870, the son, James R. Cunningham, was also enumerated as a musician, and he was a music teacher. James R. Cunningham was the husband of Emma Cunningham. James R. Cunningham died and is buried in Eastern Cemetery in Louisville, KY.
Jane Drummond (b.1823), enumerated as white and born in Jamaica. She lived with the J. Warren Grigsby and Susan Grigsby family in Lincoln County, KY.
Leo Segond Frederic DuSape (1829-1913), enumerated as white and born in Guadeloupe. He lived with the Bouscaren family in Grant County, KY. In 1872, he served in the U.S. military Newport Barracks (Campbell County, KY). He was later a French teacher in Cincinnati, OH. Leo DuSape died in Cincinnati, OH, and is buried in Grant County, KY.
Manuel Galuzzo (b.1842), enumerated as white and born in Cuba. He was a student at St. Joseph's College in Nelson County, KY.
(S.O.) Mary Evalina Gardner Green (1800-1874), see in 1850 above.
Alexander Hartley (b.1820), see in 1850 above.
Esther Bernal Hassan (1830-1896), see in 1850 above.
(S.O.) Adele Combe Hawes (1823-1892), see in 1850 above.
(S.O.) Aurelia Josephine Hawes (1822-1894), see in 1850 above.
Charles John Helm, II (1855-1903), enumerated as white and born in St. Thomas. He was the son of Louise Ann Whistler Helm and Charles John Helm who served as a U.S. Commercial Agent in St. Thomas. In 1860, the family lived in Newport, KY (Campbell County). Charles II was the husband of Anna Webster Helm and the couple had two children in 1880. Charles J. Helm II was a lawyer in Newport, KY. He was the first Circuit Court judge in Campbell County, KY. He died and is buried in Southgate, KY (Campbell County).
Christian Helm (b.1841), enumerated as white and born in St. Thomas. He was listed as a domestic who lived with the Charles Helm family in Newport, KY (Campbell County).
Louisa Hogg (b.1820), enumerated as white and born in Jamaica. She was the wife of John G. Hogg from Scotland who was a patternmaker. The couple lived in Louisville, KY (Jefferson County).
Daniel Hunt (1824-1901), enumerated as white and born in Bermuda. He immigrated to the US in 1851. He was a retail dry goods merchant. Daniel Hunt was the husband of Mary E. Hunt. The family lived in Maysville, KY (Mason County). Daniel Hunt is buried in Maysville, KY.
Jane Mason (b.1833), enumerated as a free Mulatto born in Jamaica. She was the wife of Samuel Mason, a day laborer. The family of seven lived in Lexington, KY (Fayette County), in 1860. In 1900, Jane Mason was a widow living in Lexington, KY, with her widowed daughter-in-law Minnie West and family. Minnie West was a washer woman.
John Glendower Owen (1815-1878), see in 1850 above.
Angeline Prudeau (b.1840) and Uranie Prudeau (b.1833), both were enumerated as Mulatto and born in Guadeloupe. They were domestics who lived with the Bouscaren family in Grant County, KY, and had immigrated to the United States with the family in 1850. Uranie Prudeau is enumerated in 1900 as a family nurse(maid). She lived in Cincinnati, OH, with the Louis F. G. Bouscaren family.
Monmouth A. Purdy (b.1798), see in 1850 above.
A B Raffington (b.1838), enumerated as white and born in Jamaica. He was a clerk in Frankfort, KY (Franklin County). He was a boarder with the Rheubie and Mary T. Runyen family.
Charles G. Seivers (1815-1882), enumerated as white and born in Santa Cruz [St. Croix]. He was a square maker. He was the husband of Ann Seivers. The couple had four children. The family lived in Campbell County, KY. Charles G. Seivers died in Kentucky and is buried in Cincinnati, OH.
John Singer (b.1838), enumerated as white and born in the West Indies. He lived in the home of Amanda Waid and was a farm laborer in Mason County, KY.
Ulrea Smith (b.1832), enumerated as white and born in the West Indies. She was the wife of J. Morgan Smith. The couple had a daughter and the family lived in Louisville, KY (Jefferson County). J. Morgan Smith was a river clerk.
Charlotte Spring (b.1847), Sarah Spring (b.1855), and Stephen Spring, Jr. (1853-1874), the siblings were enumerated as white and born in the West Indies. They were the children of Ann and Stephen Spring, Sr., both from England. Stephen Spring, Sr., was a peddler. The family of six lived in Newport, KY (Campbell County). Stephen Spring, Jr. died in Newport, KY, and is buried in Southgate, KY (Campbell County).
Joseph Taylor (b.1852) and John Taylor (b.1853), the brothers were enumerated as white and born in the West Indies. They lived in Louisville, KY (Jefferson County), with their father, Thomas Taylor, a carpenter from England.
SOURCES: See Rachael Bailey in Edwards' Fourth Annual Directory of the City of Louisville for 1867-8 on p.125; Ancestry.com; see the Bouscaren family listed on the Deport or Manifest of Passengers Aboard the Bark Fairmont, Arrival in Philadelphia, PA, 16 October 1850 (Ancestry); see L. F. G. Bouscaren in Ohio Wills and Probate Records (Ancestry); 1860 U. S. Census schedules; 1860 U.S. Census: Population of the United States in 1860: Kentucky. Table No.5 - Nativities of the Free Population - p.185 (online); Find A. Grave; 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules; see Fred Sape in U.S., Returns from Military Posts, 1806-1916 (Ancestry); see "Slavery in a Capitalist World" at Digital History, ID 3274, 2021 (online); American Sugar Kingdom: the plantation economy of the Spanish Caribbean, 1898-1934 by César J. Ayala; The Cause of All Nations: an international history of the American Civil War by Don H. Doyle.
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