1
10
19
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1858
Sort
ARNETT CHARLES H
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
243
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Arnett, Charles H.
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Born in Henderson, KY, Arnett was an ordained minister, owned a contracting business, and built seven churches (two in Sebree, KY) and a number of homes in Kentucky. For more see <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/30000933">Who's Who of the Colored Race, 1915</a></em>.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Businesses
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Ministers, Pastors, Preachers, Religion and Church Work
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Henderson, Henderson County, Kentucky
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1861
Death Year
1923
Sort
BROOKS THOMAS L
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
2389
Kentucky County & Region
Franklin County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Frankfort
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Virginia
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Title
A name given to the resource
Brooks, Thomas L.
Description
An account of the resource
Thomas L. Brooks, born in Virginia, was the son of Maria and Thomas Brooks, according to his death certificate. He lived most of his life in Kentucky and was a noted contractor in Eastern Kentucky. Brooks moved to Frankfort in 1881, where he was a highly sought after carpenter and contractor. His projects there included over half of the residences in the exclusive Watson Court area, the Columbia Theater, the auditorium and trades building at Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons [now <a href="https://kysu.edu/">Kentucky State University</a>], the Odd Fellows Building for African Americans, and the Baptist Church. Brooks was the secretary of the Capital City Lodge of the Odd Fellows, a member of the Knights of Pythias, a member of the <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1510">United Brothers of Friendship</a>, and Grand Master of the B.M.C. <br /><br />Thomas Brooks was the husband of Mary L. Hocker Brooks; the couple shared their home on Blanton Street with Mary's parents and two nieces. Thomas L. Brooks is buried in Frankfort; his funeral was handled by <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/267">Thomas K. Robb</a>. <br /><br />For more see "Prominent business man," <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001942">Baltimore Afro-American</a></em>, 12/12/1914, p. 5; and the Thomas L. Brooks entry in <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/30000933">Who's Who of the Colored Race</a></em>, edited by F. L. Mather, 1915.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Migration West
Fraternal Organizations
Carpenters
Kentucky African American Churches
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1889
Death Year
1954
Person
y
Kentucky County & Region
Woodford County - Bluegrass
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Versailles
Louisville
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Indianapolis, Indiana
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Title
A name given to the resource
Brown, Tull Edward
Description
An account of the resource
Tulle E. Brown was a pianist, an organist, a professor, a lawyer, he owned several pieces of real estate, and he was a contractor in Indianapolis, IN. He was a graduate of the New England Conservatory of Music, and a member of the American Guild of Organist. There are many notices about his performances in the <em>Indianapolis Recorder</em>, <em>Indianapolis Star</em>, and the <em>Freeman </em>newspapers. He was very well known in Indianapolis. While still in Kentucky, in 1906, Tull E. Brown married Alberta Ross, who was also from Kentucky [source: Indiana, Selected Marriages Index (Ancestry)]. The marriage did not last, and in 1909, he married Hattie P. Renix, who was from Louisville, KY. In 1913, Tull E. Brown and his wife Hattie, a singer, were living on Walnut Street in Louisville when they sailed to Europe to perform [source: List of U.S. Citizens (Ancestry)]. The couple would continue to perform for churches, at concerts, and at various other events in Indianapolis, IN, while also holding down their other jobs. In 1920, Tull E. Brown joined the faculty of Metropolitan School of Music in Indianapolis, IN. He was also a practicing lawyer, according to the 1920 U.S. Census. His wife Hattie was employed as a teacher, and Hattie's mother, Mary Renix lived with them on Columbia Avenue. Ten years later, not much had changed. Tull E. Brown was still practicing law in 1930, according to the U.S. Census. He had his own office. His wife was still a schoolteacher and her mother still lived with them on Columbia Avenue. Tull E. Brown was a faculty member of the Senate Avenue Branch of the YMCA School of Music in 1937. <br /><br />Tull E. Brown was born in Versailles, KY, the son of Lucinda Fountain and William Brown [source: Indiana Death Certificate #3933 28119]. He was murdered in 1954 during a robbery at his home.<br /><br />[Sources: <em>The Musical Courier</em>, December 10, 1920, v.81, p.10. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZO86AQAAMAAJ&pg=RA17-PA10&dq=%22tull+e+brown%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwis6snqhPTgAhWP_YMKHauTB1o4ChDoAQgrMAE#v=onepage&q&f=false" target="_blank">Online at Google Books</a>; Y. M. C. A. Notes," <em>Indianapolis Recorder</em>, 10/09/1937, p.4. Online at <a href="https://newspapers.library.in.gov/?a=p&p=home&e=-------en-20--21--txt-txIN-%22tull+brown%22------" target="_blank">Indiana's Digital Historic Newspaper Program</a>.; <em>The New Music Review and Church Music Review</em>, v.22, issue 260, p. 343. <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4V9TAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA343&lpg=PA343&dq=%22tull+e+brown%22&source=bl&ots=Y2agVFqXqN&sig=ACfU3U1VoYexYmYVkKhqiweuaeB04Zp8Wg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi6ke_GgPTgAhVlooMKHeR-AXYQ6AEwBHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22tull%20e%20brown%22&f=false" target="_blank">Online at Google Books</a>.; "In recital," <em>Indianapolis Recorder</em>, 11/10/1928, p.5; "Indiana contractor murdered in unfinished home," <em>Jet</em>, Sep 30, 1954, p.4; and <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/indiana/court-of-appeals/1955/18-576-3.html" target="_blank">Brown, Admr, etc. v. Montgomery.</a> 125 Ind. App. 395 (1955). Online at Justia.]
Subject
The topic of the resource
Migration North
Musicians, Opera, Singers, Song Writers
Lawyers
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Education and Educators
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1920
Death Year
2014
Sort
BURKS JUANITP
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
338
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Burks, Juanita P.
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Juanita P. Farley Burks was the daughter of Donna and Allen Farley of Crittenden County, KY. Ms. Burks was head of J. P. Burks Construction, Inc., a Louisville, KY, glass company she started in 1980. She was one of the leading African American women entrepreneurs in Kentucky, having served on President Carter's board of energy and, in the 1970s, was nominated by Kentucky Governor Julian Carroll to go to Washington, D.C. to help develop a federal energy policy. Burks attended <a href="http://www.kysu.edu/">Kentucky State College</a> in the early 1940s and took business courses at the <a href="http://louisville.edu/">University of Louisville</a>. In 1974, she borrowed money (for the first and last time) through a $6,000 home loan to start her first company, City Plaza, a personnel recruitment service. Burks' glass company was formed in 1980; she won a contract to install glass in the downtown Louisville Galleria, where her company put the floors down and installed $4.5 million worth of glass. Burks had worked as a maid and elevator operator in that same building when she first came to Louisville in 1942, earning $17 per week. In 1983, Burks was named Woman of Achievement, and, in 1996, Kentucky Entrepreneur of the Year. Juanita P. Burks was the mother of <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1040">Ishmon Burks, Jr.</a> Juanita P. Burks died August 3, 2014 [source: S. S. Shafer, "Business pioneer Juanita Burks dies,"<em> Courier-Journal</em>, 08/05/2014, p.A.8]. For more see M. Green, "83-year-old loves business," <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/30000255">Courier-Journal</a></em>, 10/01/2003; and C. Carlton, "Faith & fashion," <em>Courier-Journal</em>, 04/16/2006, Arts section, p.1I.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Businesses
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Mothers
Appointments by U.S. Presidents/Services for U.S. Presidents
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Crittenden County, Kentucky
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https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/files/original/401f274c2ed505c344ad6d4e7781d6ff.pdf
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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Person
n
Kentucky County & Region
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Fayette County - Bluegrass
Kenton County - Bluegrass
Christian County - Pennyrile
Caldwell County - Pennyrile
Campbell County - Bluegrass
Carlisle County - Jackson Purchase
Daviess County - Western Coal Field
Greenup County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Muhlenberg County - Western Coal Field
Pike County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Adair County - Pennyrile
Allen County - Pennyrile
Ballard County - Jackson Purchase
Barren County - Pennyrile
Bath County - Bluegrass
Bell County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Boyd County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Boyle County - Bluegrass
Breckinridge County - Pennyrile
Calloway County - Jackson Purchase
Carroll County - Bluegrass
Casey County - Pennyrile
Christian County - Pennyrile
Clark County - Bluegrass
Crittenden County - Pennyrile
Edmonson County - Western Coal Field
Fleming County - Bluegrass
Franklin County - Bluegrass
Fulton County - Jackson Purchase
Grant County - Bluegrass
Graves County - Jackson Purchase
Green County - Pennyrile
Greenup County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Hardin County - Pennyrile
Harlan County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Harrison County - Bluegrass
Hart County - Pennyrile
Henderson County - Western Coal Field
Henry County - Bluegrass
Hickman County - Jackson Purchase
Hopkins County - Pennyrile
Jessamine County - Bluegrass
Larue County - Pennyrile
Lincoln County - Knobs Arc
Livingston County - Pennyrile
Logan County - Pennyrile
Lyon County - Pennyrile
Madison County - Knobs Arc
Marion County - Knobs Arc
Mason County - Bluegrass
McCracken County - Jackson Purchase
Mercer County - Bluegrass
Muhlenberg County - Western Coal Field
Nelson County - Knobs Arc
Ohio County - Western Coal Field
Oldham County - Bluegrass
Pendleton County - Bluegrass
Pike County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Pulaski County - Pennyrile
Scott County - Bluegrass
Shelby County - Bluegrass
Simpson County - Pennyrile
Spencer County - Bluegrass
Union County - Western Coal Field
Warren County - Pennyrile
Washington County - Bluegrass
Woodford County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Louisville
Lexington
Covington
Princeton
Bellevue
Fort Thomas
Newport
Bardwell
Owensboro
Springville
Central City
Pikeville
Allison
Meadow Lawn
Scottsville
Wickliffe
Cave City
Glasgow
Salt Lick
Middlesboro
Pineville
Centerville
Clintonville
Flat Rock
Hutchinson
Paris
Ashland
Danville
Perryville
Randolph Hill
Cloverport
Irvington
Murray
Clifton
Carrollton
Liberty
Crofton
Himdan
Hopkinsville
Winchester
Marion
Brownsville
Nepton
Flemingsburg
Frankfort
Fulton
Williamstown
Mayfield
Greensburg
Greenup
Russell
Riverton
Blandville
Elizabethtown
Leitchfield
Vine Grove
West Point
Harlan
Lynch
Cynthiana
Horse Cave
Henderson
Eminence
Clinton
Hanson
Kitchen
Madisonville
Albemarie
Indian Hills
Schardein
State Fair
Nicholasville
Crescent Springs
Elsmere
Independence
Hodgenville
Hustonville
Stanford
Smithland
Adairville
Russellville
Eddyville
Clay
Glade
Richmond
Lebanon
St. Mary
Driskill
Maysville
Washington
Paducah
Harrodsburg
Greenville
Bardstown
Hartford
La Grange
Falmouth
Pikeville
Somerset
Engine House
Georgetown
Powder House
Harrisonville
Shelbyville
Franklin
Taylorsville
Morganfield
Uniontown
Bowling Green
Hickory Flat
Springfield
Firmatown (or Fermantown)
Fair Grounds
Versailles
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Cincinnati, Ohio
Washington, D. C.
San Francisco, California
Speed, Indiana
Chicago, Illinois
Marshall, Iowa
Charleston, West Virginia
Jamestown, New York
Norfolk, Virginia
Charleston, South Carolina
Richmond, Virginia
Springfield, Illinois
Start Date
1910
End Date
1930
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Cement and Concrete Workers: African Americans in Kentucky and The Women Workers, 1910-1930
Description
An account of the resource
<strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong><br />There is not an official record of all enslaved and freemen in Kentucky who were cement and concrete workers prior to being emancipated. The main purpose of this entry is to present the number of African American cement and concrete workers in Kentucky from 1910-1930. This was a heyday period just prior to the <a href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/government-contracts/construction">Davis-Bacon Act</a> that was meant to prevent <span>non-union African American and immigrant construction workers from competing with unionized white workers. </span>The second purpose of this entry is to highlight the fact that women were employed in the cement and concrete industry long before construction companies were confronted with equal job opportunity demands in the 1960s. These women were part of the industrial work force and the demand for workers in the American labor movement.<br /><br />Source: J. Frantz, "<a href="https://fee.org/articles/davis-bacon-jim-crows-last-stand/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Davis-Bacon: Jim Crow's Last Stand</a>," 2/1/1994, a Foundation for Economic Education (FEE) webpage.<br /><br />*This entry pertains only to workers in the United States. In many other countries, there is a much longer history and much larger non-dominant populations, both women and men, who were cement and concrete workers.<br /><br />Cement and concrete work were not considered building trades or skilled labors in the early 1900s in the United States; both were viewed as general construction labor (see <em>Concrete and Culture</em>, by A. Forty). African American men have always worked on construction projects; many enslaved Africans built their own homes and were also laborers used by others on construction projects. Many sources are available that discuss the use of enslaved labor on projects of all types, including the building of the White House. There are also many sources that discuss the efforts of African American construction workers to gain access to labor unions that were the gatekeepers to higher paying jobs on construction projects.<br /><br />Construction techniques and materials advancements, such as reinforced concrete, are among the many, many factors that contributed to increased building after the year 1900. The first reinforced high rise was the <a href="http://www.concretecontractor.com/concrete-construction-projects/ingalls-building/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ingalls Building</a>, constructed in 1903 in Cincinnati, OH. Various kinds of concrete have been used around the world since ancient times. Natural cements have been produced in the United States since the 1820s. Kentucky became a top producer of natural cement by the year 1900. In San Francisco, CA, Ernest Ransome was first to use reinforced concrete in the U.S.; in 1844 he patented cold twisted iron bars as reinforcement. <br /><br />At this time, there is not a written history of the early contributions made by women to the cement and concrete industry in the United States.<br /><br /><strong>CEMENT: </strong>a powder of alumina, silica, lime, iron oxide, and magnesium oxide burned together in a kiln and finely pulverized and used as an ingredient of mortar and concrete. Source: <em>Merriam-Webster</em> <em>Dictionary</em><br /><br /><strong>NATURAL CEMENT: </strong>a hydraulic cement made from limestone that has up to 25% clay content (argillaceous limestone). <span>The word 'natural' means the raw material is mined and burnt with no further additions. </span>Sources: <em>Merriam-Webster</em> <em>Dictionary</em>; <a href="https://www.rosendalecement.net/html/rosendale_cement_chemistry.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Rosendale Natural Cement</a> website; and "<a href="https://www.traditionalbuilding.com/opinions/natural-cement-oldie-goodie" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Natural Cement</a>" at the Traditional Building website.<br /><br /><strong>HYDRAULIC CEMENT: </strong>cement that sets and hardens by chemical reaction with water (hydration) and is capable of doing so under water (ACI 225R). Source: <a href="https://www.concrete.org/tools/frequentlyaskedquestions.aspx?faqid=640" target="_blank" rel="noopener">American Concrete Institute</a>.<strong> <br /><br />CONCRETE:</strong> a hard strong building material made by mixing a cementing material (such as portland cement) and a mineral aggregate (such as sand and gravel) with sufficient water to cause the cement to set and bind the entire mass. Source: <em>Merriam-Webster</em> Dictionary.<em><br /><br /></em><strong>REINFORCED CONCRETE: </strong>concrete in which steel is embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing steel—rods, bars, or mesh—absorbs the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive stresses in a concrete structure. Source: <em>Encyclopaedia Britannica</em>.<em><br /><br /><strong>*Merriam-Webster Dictionary </strong></em><strong>(<a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online</a>)</strong><br /><br /><strong>*<em>Encyclopaedia Britannica</em> (<a href="https://www.britannica.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online</a>)</strong> <br /><br /><strong>A BIT ABOUT KENTUCKY:</strong><br />At the turn of the century, it was estimated that Louisville, KY furnished about a quarter of the natural cement used in the United States [source: <em>Louisville Hydraulic Cement</em>, published in 1901 by the Western Cement Company in Louisville]. Another company, the Louisville Cement Company, was thought to be the world's largest producer of natural cement by the year 1900 [source: "Louisville Cement Company" in <em>The Encyclopedia of Louisville</em>, edited by J. E. Kleber]. Cement workers and dealers were available throughout Kentucky. See some of them listed in the <em>Directory of the American Cement Industries and Handbook for Cement Users, </em>edited by C. C. Brown, 1901, the first volume of this publication. The directory listed 10 Kentucky cities with cement workers and 29 cities with cement dealers. The directory did not indicate if African Americans and women were among the names or business owners.<br /><br />The early gathering of the names, races, genders, and geographic locations of individuals who worked in cement and concrete can be found in U.S. Census records. For the state of Kentucky, less than 100 names appeared in each of the annual records leading up to the year 1900. Then suddenly in the 1910 Census, there were more than 1,000 names listed from throughout Kentucky that included men and a few women. <br /><br />According to author D. Bernstein, there were approximately 150,000 African American construction workers in the United States in the late 1920s, most working in the south [source: D. Bernstein, <em>Only One Place of Redress</em>, p. 70]. African American construction workers in Kentucky were included in that number. Construction work was the third highest occupation of African Americans behind agricultural work and domestic services. African American cement and concrete workers were part of the construction workforce. They were considered unskilled laborers; the jobs they held paid lower wages than those paid to white workers. Below are some general data on the construction industry from the 1930 U.S. Census.<br />
<ul>
<li>There were 828,772 operative builders, general contractors, and subcontractors in the United States [source: 1930 Census: General Survey of the Construction Industry. Chapter 3. Table XVI, p. 32. (<a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1933/dec/1930h-construction.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online at Census Bureau website</a>)].</li>
<li>There were 591 women counted among the 194,963 proprietors, managers, and officials in the construction industry [source: Part I. Comparative Occupation Statistics, 1870-1940. A Comparison of the Census Occupation and Industry Classifications and Statistics of 1930 and 1940. Table 2, p. 50 (<a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1943/dec/population-occupation.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online at Census Bureau website</a>)].</li>
<li>There were 330 construction establishments and 935 salaried employees with annual salaries totaling $2,427,143 in Kentucky [sources: 1930 Census: Construction Industry. Kentucky. Table I, p .487. Table 5, p. 490 (<a href="https://www.census.gov/library/publications/1933/dec/1930h-construction.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online at Census Bureau website</a>)].</li>
</ul>
The following data about African Americans comes from the 1930 census tables in <em>Negroes in the United States, 1920-1932, </em>by C. E. Hall and Z. R. Pettet.<br />
<ul>
<li>In the U.S. there were 13,465 Negro male plasterers and cement finishers, and one female (p. 303). In Kentucky there were 452 Negro male plasterers and cement finishers, and no data for females (p. 305).</li>
<li>In the U.S. there were 2,566 Negro male builders and building contractors, and four females. In Kentucky there were 73 Negro males and no data for females.</li>
<li>In the U.S. there were 95,618 Negro male building construction, laborers and helpers, and 31 females. In Kentucky there were 2,239 Negro males and no data for females.</li>
<li>In the U.S. there were 6,016 Negro males working in the lime, cement, and artificial-stone factories; and 25 females. In Kentucky there were no data for Negro males or females.</li>
</ul>
From all of the tables and census data, it is difficult to get a general idea of the estimated number of women workers in cement and concrete. The women construction worker numbers don't quite jive in the census publications when compared to the actual census records. One reason for this misalignment may be because of the common errors in census records where men were mistakenly noted as women or women mistaken as men. There are also errors with a husband's or other male's employment information mistakenly added to a woman's line of data, which meant the woman's actual occupation was not recorded. There are also the enormous number of modern day indexing errors that come from the inept transcribing of the handwritten employment data for women enumerated in the 1910-1930 census records. For example, the occupational terms "cement" and "concrete" were confused with the words "convent," "concert," "common," "cook," and "private." <br /><br />The city directories are another option for locating and double checking occupations. Within city directories, race is sometimes indicated for African Americans. A woman's occupation may have been added if she was listed in the directory as single. In the case of married couples, it was usually only the husband's occupation that was included in the listing. Every city directory has a different arrangement. One of the challenges with city directories is that it is sometimes difficult to decipher if a person is male or female based solely on their name. A few examples are Cada Fowler, an African American concrete worker in Lexington who is listed on p. 407 in the<em> Lexington City Directory, 1923</em>; Camille Mazeau, a construction engineer at the Lou Bussey Process Company in Louisville, listed on p. 1006 in <em>Caron's Directory of the City of Louisville for 1921</em>; and Crystal Hays, who was found to be an African American man who was a concrete worker in Louisville during the 1920s [source: p. 728 in <em>Caron's Directory of the City of Louisville for 1923</em>].<br /><br />Individuals are not named within the literature written about African American construction workers. What is noted is that there was a very high level of employment in the 1920s, and major changes came about when the demand developed for African American construction workers in major cities in the north. The African American workers were viewed in the south and in northern cities as an accessible and cheaper labor force. The migration of African American, non-union construction workers was said to have caused a decrease in the hiring of white construction workers in northern cities, especially those who were union members. <br /><br />African American construction workers were also used as strikebreakers. When the African American construction workers migrated to northern cities, it resulted in a decrease in the cheaper construction labor that had been available in the south. When the construction industry became depressed just ahead of The Great Depression in 1929, one group to receive the blame were the African American construction workers from southern states. <br /><br />For Kentucky, there was not a significant out-migration of African American construction workers to northern cities. Nor was there a significant in-migration of African American construction workers to Kentucky from southern states. Looking at the individual census sheets for Kentucky, there were approximately 285 African American construction workers enumerated in 1910; 3,300 in 1920; and 2,265 in 1930. In addition to these construction workers, there were at least 556 cement and concrete workers in 1910; 423 in 1920; and 533 in 1930 (see attached worksheet). The cement and concrete workers were employed in 70 of the 120 counties in Kentucky. More than half of these workers were employed in Jefferson County. There was a wide range of job titles, including business owners, contractors, finishers, laborers, layerers, masons, millers, miners, mixers, molders, teamsters, hod carriers, and truck drivers. <br /><br />There were women employed in the concrete and cement industry in 10 Kentucky counties (see attached sheet). There were at least 10 women employees in 1910, 18 in 1920, and 39 in 1930. The majority of the women were employed in Jefferson County as stenographers, bookkeepers, and clerks. Ten of the women worked in factories where they made, sewed, repaired, and tied cement bags. Six of the women were laborers employed as a canvasser, acement worker, a finisher, a contractor, and two concrete construction workers. The group was made up of young single women along with ten widows, seven married women, and four divorced women. In 1918, eight women were hired by the Portland plant of the Louisville Cement Company in Speed, IN, where the women earned $2.80 per day, the same as men [source: "Women cement workers make good in Indiana," <em>El Paso Herald</em>, 8/18/1918, p.n4]. <br /><br />Among the African American women workers in Kentucky was Sallie Sloan in Louisville, who sewed bags at a cement factory. She is listed in the 1910 Census as Mulatto, married, and living on St. Catherine Street. Pearl Mundy was a cement contractor listed in the 1930 Census, a single Negro who lived with her cousins on E. 11th Street in Covington. Estelle White also lived in Covington; she was a cement finisher listed in the 1930 Census. She was divorced and a lodger who living on East Cleveland Street. Margurite Payne was head of her household on E. Sixth Street in Lexington, where her widowed daughter and four grandchildren lived with her. Margurite Payne was also a widow, listed as Black in the 1930 Census. She was employed as a laborer in the concrete industry. Queenie Floyd was also in Lexington, living on Elm Street. She was Negro who lived alone and was divorced, according to the 1930 Census. She worked as a laborer in concrete construction and is also listed as a cook on p. 236 of <em>Polk's Lexington (Kentucky) City Directory, 1930</em>. <br /><br />In addition to the women who were cement and concrete workers, in 1910 there were two African American women in Christian County working in construction: Lucy L. Channels and Nancy Henderson. In 1930 in Louisville, Nancy Brown and Willie Harris were street construction workers, and Laura Williams was working in construction. <br /><br />With the start of a new century in 1900, there grew attitudes of optimism and affluence in the world's most prosperous country. There were jobs. Wages had increased. The U.S. population had increased by 21% between 1900-1910. Restrictions were placed on immigrants. There was more building, more construction, and new and more stable ways of building. But it was a short-lived period. The Great Depression and the Davis-Bacon Act were only two of the many reasons for the declining number of African American construction workers at the start of the 1930s. With a decline in the number of construction workers, there was also the loss in the number of cement and concrete workers, both men and women. <br /><br /><strong>FINAL WORDS ABOUT THE WOMEN WORKERS</strong><br />The cement and concrete jobs held by women in Kentucky from 1910-1930 were similar to the types of jobs held by women throughout the United States. A noted difference was that outside Kentucky there were also white women in leadership positions within companies and organizations. In Chicago Maude Venn managed a cement association, and Margaret Baker was foreman of a cement construction business. Julia Tuttle was an agent for a cement company in Marshall, IA. Edna C. Ballard was a cement worker, self-employed in Charleston, WV. In Jamestown, NY, Anna Schult was a cement contractor/owner. <br /><br />Among the African American women outside of Kentucky, there were many general laborers and factory and mill workers as well as stenographers and bookkeepers. A few, such as Alice Booker in Chicago, were cement contactors and owners of their businesses. Bernice McCoy in Norfolk, VA, working together with her husband, was a concrete mixer. Julia Stewart worked with her two adult sons; they were all concrete mixers in Charleston, SC. Jennie Robinson was a concrete maker/contractor in Richmond, VA. <br /><br />More research is needed for a much fuller understanding of the knowledge gap surrounding the early women construction workers in the United States. Women had been working in construction, including cement and concrete, before the year 1900. Their presence became more evident in the 1910 U.S. Census with a slight increase in numbers. These women, not union members, did not disappear after the year 1930. In the 1940 U.S. Census there were 1,258<span> women counted among the 125,696 proprietors, managers, and officials in the construction industry [source: Part I. Comparative Occupation Statistics, 1870-1940. A Comparison of the Census Occupation and Industry Classifications and Statistics of 1930 and 1940. Table 2, p. 50]. <br /></span><br /><strong>Sources:</strong><br />J. Pasley, "<a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/american-landmarks-that-were-built-by-slaves-2019-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">15 American landmarks that were built by slaves</a>," a Business Insider web page, 9/6/2019 (online); C. Burria and M. Brice, "<a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-slavery-buildings-widerimage/built-by-my-family-americas-grand-buildings-constructed-by-slaves-idUSKCN1VK1RD" target="_blank" rel="noopener">'Built by my family': America's grand buildings constructed by slaves</a>," <em>Reuters</em>, 8/30/2019, (online); Chapter 5, "Slave Artisans: Black Nonagricultural Workers in Colonia America the Antebellum South" in <em>Working the Diaspora, </em>by F. C. Knight; <em>History of Concrete</em>, by P. Jahren and T. Sui; <em>Concrete and Culture, </em>by A. Forty; <em>Only One Place of Redress</em>, by D. E. Berstein, N. Devins, and M. A. Graber; <em>Historic Concrete: background to appraisal</em>, by J. Sutherland, D. Humm, M. Chrimes; <em>For Jobs and Freedom: race and labor in America since 1865</em>, by R. H. Zieger; <em>Understanding Cement: an introduction to cement production, cement hydration, and deleterious processes in concrete, </em>by N. B. Winter; "Women Construction Workers Guaranteed Equal Job Opportunity <a href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xCN2AAAAMAAJ&pg=RA11-PP1&lpg=RA11-PP1&dq=%22Where+Federal+Contracts+Are+Involved%22+%22Black+News+Digest%22&source=bl&ots=0Ki-STaFtV&sig=ACfU3U3BzqvTtA3iHX58Wt8Qd0gWnDr4OQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE7NmO-cqAAxUSmokEHfbYCwUQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=%22Where%20Federal%20Contracts%20Are%20Involved%22%20%22Black%20News%20Digest%22&f=false">Where Federal Contracts Are Involved</a>," in <em>Black News Digest</em>, 1972 July-December; and <em>Employment Standards Digest</em>, 1974, volumes 1-6. <br /><br /><strong>*Attached to this entry is a list of the estimated number of African American cement and concrete workers in Kentucky, 1910-1930<br /><br /></strong>and<br /><strong><br />A list of the estimated number of women employed in the cement and concrete industry in Kentucky, 1910-1930.</strong><br /><br /><strong>Additional Sources:</strong> <br />"The American Union of Cement Workers at Springfield, Ill., decided that hereafter negro cement workers shall form separate unions." <em>Wichita</em> <em>Searchlight</em>, 9/23/1905, p. 4.<br /><br /><em>Invisible Women: data bias in a world designed for men</em>, by C. C. Perez.<br /><br /><em>Negro Membership in American Labor Unions </em>by the Department of Research and Investigations of the National Urban League, Ira De A. Reid, Director, 1930 [<a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89058608977&amp=&view=1up&amp=&seq=7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online at Hathi Trust Digital Library</a>].<br /><br /><em>The Negro Wage Earner, </em>by L. J. Greene and C. G. Woodson.<br /><br /><em>The Negro in the American Labor Movement</em>, by S. E. Warren<br /><br /><em>Rethinking the American Labor Movement</em>, by E. Faue<br /><br /><em>Unionism Among Negroes in the United States</em> (thesis), by E. H. Chaney. B. A. in Economics at Indiana University, 1923 [<a href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000088376052&amp=&view=1up&amp=&seq=1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">online at Hathi Trust Digital Library</a>].<br /><br /><em>Women in the Engineering Trades, </em>by B. Drake.<br /><br /><em>Women's Roles in Nineteenth Century America, </em>by T. K. Wayne.<strong><br /></strong>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Businesses
Cement and Concrete
Women's Groups and Organizations
Construction, Contractors, Builders
-
Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1869
Death Year
1936
Sort
COLEMAN JOHN SR
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
2082
Kentucky County & Region
Bourbon County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Centerville
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Title
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Coleman, John A., Sr.
Description
An account of the resource
<p>John A. Coleman, a community leader born in Centerville, KY, was the son of George and Ann Sharp Coleman. He was a builder, school teacher, and musician. <br /><br />According to author and musician <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/925">Bill Coleman</a>, his uncle John built his own house and many of the homes in what was then an all-African American community known as Centerville. John Coleman was first in the community to have electricity in his home. <br /><br />Though he is listed in the Census as a laborer, John Coleman also served as a teacher in the Centerville Colored School, a one-room structure that served students in grades 1-8. The school was mentioned in a 50-year survey completed and published by <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/429">Dr. C. H. Parrish</a> in 1926. The Centerville School held classes about five months out of the year, the same as many of the common schools founded after the Civil War in small African American communities in Kentucky. <br /><br />In addition to being a school teacher, John Coleman was a musician: he and two of his brothers were members of a local music group. John played the cornet, Ernest Coleman the tuba, and Robert Henry Coleman (Bill Coleman's father) the snare drum. <br /><br />According to the U.S. Federal Census, the Coleman family had been in Centerville at least since the end of slavery (and probably before that). John and his wife, Kitty [or Kittie] Bachelor Coleman, were still living in Centerville in 1930. They were the parents of four children: Mattie Coleman Hersey, Ida B. Coleman, John A. Coleman Jr., and Cora M. Coleman. <br /><br />For more see Dr. C. H. Parrish, "A fifty year survey," <em>Proceedings of the Kentucky Negro Educational Association</em>, April 21-24, 1926, pp. 23-24; and <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001781">Trumpet Story</a></em>, by Bill Coleman.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Civic Leaders
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Education and Educators
Musicians, Opera, Singers, Song Writers
-
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1931
Sort
COMMITTEE ON NEGRO HOUSING ROBERT H HOGAN
Person
n
Legacy Identifier
2025
Kentucky County & Region
Fayette County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Lexington
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Washington, D. C.
Georgia
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Title
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Committee on Negro Housing [Robert H. Hogan]
Description
An account of the resource
<p>In April 1931, Robert Hogan was appointed to the Committee on Negro Housing of the President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership by President Hoover and R. P. Lamont, the Secretary of Commerce. The committee was chaired by <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/6">Nannie H. Burroughs</a>. The conference was held December 2-5, 1931, in Washington, D.C. <br /><br />Hogan, born 1883 in Georgia, was a contractor who lived on Fifth Street in Lexington, KY. He was one of 1,000 representative citizens from 48 states who participated in the conference. The Committee on Negro Housing, formed prior to the conference meeting, had been given the directive to advise the conference on the housing needs of Negroes. <br /><br />The committee had been created because of the Great Migration of Negroes from the south to northern cities. Four years of privately-funded research were published in 1932 in <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001698">Negro Housing: Report of the Committee of Negro Housing</a></em>. <br /><br />For more see "Lexington man named to Hoover committee," <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001613">Lexington Leader</a></em>, 4/10/1931, p. 20; "Committee on Negro Housing" in <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300001353">Organizing Black America</a></em>, by N. Mjagkij"; and the <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-announcing-the-white-house-conference-home-building-and-home-ownership">Statement announcing the White House Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, September 15, 1931</a>" in the American Presidency Project [available online].</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Appointments by U.S. Presidents/Services for U.S. Presidents
Housing, Fair Housing, Open Housing, Housing Agencies
-
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1926
Death Year
2005
Sort
GAMBLE JOSEPH DUNBAR
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
1424
Kentucky County & Region
Muhlenberg County - Western Coal Field
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Browder
Outside Kentucky Place Name
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Gamble, Joseph Dunbar
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Joseph Dunbar Gamble, born in Browder, KY, was the son of Bessie Breckner Gamble. The family moved to Fort Wayne, IN when Joseph was a child. <br /><br />Around 1960, Gamble and his mother Bessie were on their way to a church revival in Phoenix, AZ when their car broke down in New Mexico. Gamble liked the area so much that he went back to Fort Wayne, packed up his family, and moved to Albuquerque, NM in 1961. He became the first African American licensed contractor in the city, sole owner of Abdullah Construction from 1967-1986, incorporating the company as Gamble, Gamble, Gamble, and Gamble Construction Company in 1986. <br /><br />Joseph Gamble was president of the Albuquerque branch of the NAACP from 1962-1966, advocating for fair housing legislation. He was also founder and director of the Albuquerque Afro-American Cultural Center. In 1999 he was awarded the Carnis Salisbury Humanitarian Award. <br /><br />For more see L. Jojola, "Contractor was Noted Civil Rights Activist," <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/3000033">Albuquerque Journal</a></em>, 6/23/2005, Obituaries section, p. D13.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
Activists, Civil Rights
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Historians
Migration North
Migration West
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Housing, Fair Housing, Open Housing, Housing Agencies
Community Centers and Cultural Centers
-
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1914
Death Year
1985
Sort
MACK LEE NOR
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
1533
Kentucky County & Region
Shelby County - Bluegrass
Jefferson County - Bluegrass
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Shelbyville
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Title
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Mack, Lee Nor
Description
An account of the resource
<p>Lee Nor Mack was a contractor who in 1965 was the first African American councilman to be elected in Shelbyville, KY since 1904. He served as a councilman from 1967-1985. <br /><br />Mack, a veteran of World War II, was working for the Lerman Dry Goods Co. when he completed his draft card in 1940 (Ancestry). Lee Nor Mack Street is named in his honor. <br /><br />Mack died in Jefferson County, KY on December 7, 1985. He was the son of Carrie Mountjoy and Noah Mack and the husband of Margaret L. Jackson Mack. <br /><br />For more see <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/30000474">Jet</a></em>, vol. 29, issue 6 (11/18/1965), p. 9; and "Lee Nor Mack" by D. Puckett on pp. 588-589 in <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300003172" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><em>The New History of Shelby County Kentucky</em></a>.</p>
Subject
The topic of the resource
First City Employees and Officials (1960s Civil Rights Campaign)
Politicians, Politics, Appointments and Elections
Military and Veterans
Construction, Contractors, Builders
World War II
-
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Title
A name given to the resource
NKAA Entries
NKAA Entries
Birth Year
1870
Death Year
1933
Sort
MAGOWAN JAMES E
Person
y
Legacy Identifier
2662
Kentucky County & Region
Montgomery County - Eastern Mountain Coal Field
Madison County - Knobs Arc
Kentucky Place (Town or City)
Mt. Sterling
Smithville
Berea
Dublin Core
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Title
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Magowan, James E.
Description
An account of the resource
The following information comes from the <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300002760">James E. Magowan archival file</a> at the <a href="http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~kymchs/index.html">Montgomery County Historical Society and Museum</a> in Mt. Sterling, KY. <br /><br />James E. Magowan was a successful businessman and a community leader. He was born in Montgomery County, KY, the son of Amanda and <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2657">John Wesley Magowan</a>, and he was a brother to <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2521">John, Noah</a>, Susan, and Emily Magowan. The family lived in Smithville, KY. James Magowan, his brothers, and sister, Susan, all attended the Academy at Berea. As an adult, James Magowan was a real estate agent, loans and collecting agent, notary public, carpenter, contractor, and owner of the Magowan Theater and the colored skating rink in Mt. Sterling. James Magowan developed the Lincoln View Cemetery next to Olive Hill Cemetery in Smithville. <br /><br />The Lincoln View Cemetery opened on April 1, 1929, with James Magowan as president, his son, Jesse E., 1st vice president, and his wife, Lizzie, his daughter, Sarah, and his son-in-law and daughter, Watson D. Banks and Estella Magowan Banks, were board members. James Magowan established a subdivision for African Americans next to the cemetery, and he owned and managed the waterline to the homes, charging a monthly fee for the service. He established the <a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/502">Mt. Sterling Colored Fair Association</a> in 1909. He was owner of the James E. Magowan Grocery Store, which was located within the J. E. Magowan Hall (built in 1914) at the corner of East Locust and Fox Streets. James Magowan leased-out the grocery store and other space within the building. <br /><br />Additional information about James E. Magowan comes from "Achievements of the late James E. Magowan" on pp. 23-24 in <em><a href="https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/300002761">Montgomery County Kentucky Bicentennial, 1774-1974</a></em>, by S. A. Harris. James E. Magowan was also a school teacher for six years, and he led the effort to extend the gas line into Smithville. In 1915 he was president of the organization that had a sidewalk completed from the city limits of Mt. Sterling to the entrance of Olive Hill Cemetery. James Avenue in Mt. Sterling was named in his honor. James E. Magowan is buried in the Lincoln View Cemetery in Mt. Sterling, KY.
Subject
The topic of the resource
Bankers, Banks, Finance, Financial Advisors
Businesses
Civic Leaders
Communities
Construction, Contractors, Builders
Education and Educators
Colored Fairs, Black Expos, and Chautauquas
Undertakers, Cemeteries, Coroners, and Obituaries
Carpenters
Realtors, Real Estate Brokers, Real Estate Investments
Notary Public
Skating Rinks
Theater: Companies, Education, Exhibitions, Performers, and Performances in Kentucky